Avoiding the boson sign problem at finite chemical potential
نویسنده
چکیده
The usual path integral formulation for scalar particles at finite density involves a sign problem, making numerical simulation impractical. We present alternative methods free of this difficulty. We apply these approaches to |φ | 4 theory in 2 + 1 dimensions, presenting preliminary numerical results for physical quantities in the vicinity of the phase transition in the T − µ plane.
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